Definitions of Tourism
Tourism is difficult to
define therefore,there is a complexity but there are some definitions of
tourism as follows..
- Tourism is
the temporally movement of people to destinations outside of the
places where they normally live and work also their activities
during their stay at there destinations.
- Tourism is travel for recreational, leisure,
or business purposes. The Tourism
OrgWorld anization defines tourists as people
"traveling to and staying in places outside their usual environment
for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business and other
purposes"
- Tourism
is a social, cultural and economic phenomenon which entails the movement
of people to countries or places outside their usual environment for
personal or business/professional purposes. These people are called
visitors (which may be either tourists or excursionists; residents or
non-residents) and tourism has to do with their activities, some of which
imply tourism expenditure.
As such,
tourism has implications on the economy, on the natural and built environment,
on the local population at the destination and on the tourists themselves. Due
to these multiple impacts, the wide range and variety of production factors
required to produce those goods and services acquired by visitors, and the wide
spectrum of stakeholders involved or affected by tourism, there is a need for a
holistic approach to tourism development, management and monitoring. This
approach is strongly recommended in order to formulate and implement national
and local tourism policies as well as the necessary international agreements or
other processes in respect of tourism.
Business
visitor
A business
visitor is a visitor whose main purpose for a tourism trip
corresponds to the business and professionalcategory.
Country of
reference
The country
of reference refers to the country for which the measurement is done.
As a general
observation, it should be noted that in the International Recommendations
2008:
(a) The term
“country” can be transposed to a different geographical level using the term
“place” instead (either a region, municipality or other subnational geographic
location);
(b) The term
“long-term” is used as the equivalent of a year or more and “short-term” as
less than a year.
Country of
residence
The country
of residence of a household is determined according to the centre of
predominant economic interest of its members. If a person resides (or
intends to reside) for more than one year in a given country and has there
his/hercentre of economic interest (for example, where the predominant
amount of time is spent), he/she is considered as aresident of this
country.
Destination
(main destination) of a trip
The main
destination of a tourism trip is defined as the place visited that is
central to the decision to take the trip. See also purpose of a tourism
trip.
Domestic
tourism
Comprises the
activities of a resident visitor within the country of reference,
either as part of a domestic tourism tripor part of an outbound
tourism trip.
Economic
analysis
Tourism
generates directly and indirectly an increase in economic activity in the
places visited (and beyond), mainly due to demand for goods and services that
need to be produced and provided.
In
the economic analysis of tourism, one may distinguish between
tourism’s ‘economic contribution’ which refers to the direct effect of tourism
and is measurable by means of the TSA, and tourism’s ‘economic impact’ which is
a much broader concept encapsulating the direct, indirect and induced effects
of tourism and which must be estimated by applying models.
Economic
impact studies aim to quantify economic benefits, that is, the net increase in
the wealth of residents resulting from tourism, measured in monetary terms,
over and above the levels that would prevail in its absence.
Employment in
tourism industries
Employment in
tourism industries may be measured as a count of the persons employed
in tourism industries in any of their jobs, as a count of the persons
employed in tourism industries in their main job, as a count of the
jobs intourism industries, or as full-time equivalent figures.
Excursionist
(or same-day visitor)
A visitor (domestic, inbound or outbound)
is classified as a same-day visitor (or excursionist) if
his/her trip does not include an overnight stay.
Forms of
tourism
There are
three basic forms of tourism: domestic tourism, inbound tourism,
and outbound tourism. These can be combined in various ways to derive the
following additional forms of tourism: internal tourism, national
tourism andinternational tourism.
Inbound
tourism
Comprises
the activities of a non-resident visitor within the country
of reference on an inbound tourism trip.
Internal
tourism
Internal
tourism comprises domestic tourism plus inbound tourism,
that is to say,
the activities of resident and non-resident
visitors within the country of reference as part
of domestic or international tourism trips.
International
tourism
International
tourism comprises inbound tourism plus outbound tourism,
that is to say, the activities of resident visitors outside
the country of reference, either as part
of domestic or outbound tourism trips and
the activities ofnon-resident visitors within the country
of reference on inbound tourism trips.
Meetings
industry
To highlight
purposes relevant to the meetings industry, if a trip’s main purpose is
business/professional, it can be further subdivided into “attending meetings,
conferences or congresses, trade fairs and exhibitions” and “other business and
professional purposes”.
The
term meetings industry is preferred by the International Congress and
Convention Association (ICCA), Meeting Professionals International (MPI) and
Reed Travel over the acronym MICE (Meetings, Incentives, Conferences
and Exhibitions) which does not recognize the industrial nature of such
activities.
MICE
See meetings
industry.
National
tourism
National
tourism comprises domestic tourism plus outbound tourism,
that is to say, the activities of resident visitorswithin and
outside the country of reference, either as part
of domestic or outbound tourism trips.
Outbound
tourism
Comprises the
activities of a resident visitor outside the country of
reference, either as part of an outbound tourism trip or as part of
a domestic tourism trip.
Place of
usual residence
The place
of usual residence is the geographical place where the enumerated person
usually resides, and is defined by the location of his/her principal dwelling
(Principles and recommendations for population and housing censuses of the
United Nations, ¶¶2.20 to 2.24).
Purpose of a
tourism trip (main)
The main
purpose of a tourism trip is defined as the purpose in the absence of
which the trip would not have taken place. Classification of tourism
trips according to the main purpose refers to nine categories:
this typology allows the identification of different subsets
of visitors (business visitors, transit visitors, etc).
See
also destination of a tourism trip
Tourism
expenditure
Tourism
expenditure refers to the amount paid for the acquisition of consumption
goods and services, as well as valuables, for own use or to give away, for and
during tourism trips.
Tourism
industries
Tourism
industries (also referred to as tourism activities) are the
activities that typically produce tourism characteristic products.
Tourism
characteristic products are those that satisfy one or both of the following
criteria:
(a) Tourism
expenditure on the product (either good or service) should represent a
significant share of total tourism
expenditure (share-of-expenditure/demand condition);
(b) Tourism
expenditure on the product should represent a significant share of the supply
of the product in the economy (share-of-supply condition). This criterion
implies that the supply of a tourism characteristic product would
cease to exist in meaningful quantity in the absence of visitors.
List of
categories of tourism characteristic products and tourism industries
Products
|
Industries
|
1.
Accommodation services for visitors
|
1.
Accommodation for visitors
|
2. Food and
beverage serving services
|
2. Food and
beverage serving activities
|
3. Railway
passenger transport services
|
3. Railway
passenger transport
|
4. Road
passenger transport services
|
4. Road
passenger transport
|
5. Water
passenger transport servcies
|
5. Water
passenger transport
|
6. Air
passenger transport services
|
6. Air
passenger transport
|
7.
Transport equipment rental services
|
7.
Transport equipment rental
|
8. Travel
agencies and other reservation services
|
8. Travel
agencies and other reservation servies activities
|
9. Cultural
services
|
9. Cultural
activities
|
10. Sports
and recreational services
|
10. Sports
and recreational activities
|
11.
Country-specific tourism characteristic goods
|
11. Retail
trade of country-specific tourism characteristic goods
|
12.
Country-specific tourism characteristic services
|
12. Other
country-specific tourism characteristic activities
|
Tourism
Satellite Account (TSA)
The Tourism
Satellite Account (described in the Tourism Satellite Account:
Recommended Methodological Framework 2008) is, besides the International
Recommendations for Tourism Statistics 2008, the second international
recommendation on tourism statistics that has been developed in a framework of
consistency with the System of National Accounts. Both recommendations are
mutually consistent and provide the conceptual framework for measuring and
analyzing tourism as an economic activity.
As a
statistical tool for the economic accounting of tourism, the TSA can be seen as
a set of 10 summary tables, each with their underlying data and representing a
different aspect of the economic data relative to tourism: inbound, domestic
tourism and outbound tourism expenditure, internal tourism expenditure,
production accounts of tourism industries, the Gross Value Added (GVA) and
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) attributable to tourism demand, employment,
investment, government consumption, and non-monetary indicators.
Tourism
sector
The tourism
sector, as contemplated in the TSA, is the cluster of production units in
different industries that provide consumption goods and services demanded by
visitors. Such industries are called tourism industries because
visitor acquisition represents such a significant share of their supply that,
in the absence of visitors, their production of these would cease to exist in
meaningful quantity.
Tourist (or
overnight visitor)
A visitor (domestic,
inbound or outbound) is classified as
a tourist (or overnight visitor), if
his/her trip includes an overnight stay.
Travel /
tourism
Travel refers
to the activity of travellers. A traveller is someone who moves between
different geographic locations, for any purpose and any duration. The visitor
is a particular type of traveller and consequently tourism is a subset of
travel.
Travel party
A travel
party is defined as visitors travelling together on
a trip and whose expenditures are pooled.
Trip
A trip refers
to the travel by a person from the time of departure from his/her usual
residence until he/she returns: it thus refers to a round trip. Trips taken by
visitors are tourism trips.
Usual
environment
The usual
environment of an individual, a key concept in tourism, is defined as
the geographical area (though not necessarily a contiguous one) within which an
individual conducts his/her regular life routines.
Vacation home
A vacation
home (sometimes also designated as a holiday home) is a secondary dwelling
that is visited by the members of the household mostly for purposes of
recreation, vacation or any other form of leisure.
Visit
A trip is
made up of visits to different places. The term tourism visit refers
to a stay in a place visited during a tourism trip.
Visitor
A visitor is
a traveller taking a trip to a main destination outside
his/her usual environment, for less than a year, for any main purpose
(business, leisure or other personal purpose) other than to be employed by a
resident entity in the country or place visited. A visitor (domestic,
inbound or outbound) is classified as a tourist (or
overnight visitor), if his/her trip includes an overnight stay,
or as a same-day visitor (or excursionist) otherwise.
Sourse: from
WTO
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